Summary about Disease
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by the kidneys excreting too much protein in the urine. This can lead to a variety of problems, including swelling (edema), particularly in your feet and ankles, and an increased risk of infections. It’s usually caused by damage to the small blood vessels in the kidneys that filter waste and excess water from the blood.
Symptoms
Severe swelling (edema), particularly around your eyes, ankles, and feet
Foamy urine, which may be caused by high levels of protein
Weight gain due to fluid retention
Fatigue
Loss of appetite
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Causes
Nephrotic syndrome is typically caused by damage to the glomeruli, the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys that filter waste and excess water from the blood. Several diseases can cause this damage, including:
Minimal change disease: The most common cause in children. The glomeruli appear normal under a microscope, hence the name.
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS): Scarring of some of the glomeruli.
Membranous nephropathy: Thickening of the glomeruli membranes.
Diabetic kidney disease (diabetic nephropathy): Can occur in people with diabetes.
Lupus: A chronic inflammatory disease.
Amyloidosis: Occurs when abnormal proteins build up in the organs.
Medicine Used
Treatment for nephrotic syndrome usually involves medications to:
Reduce protein in urine: ACE inhibitors or ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers)
Reduce swelling: Diuretics (water pills)
Lower cholesterol: Statins
Suppress the immune system: Corticosteroids (like prednisone), calcineurin inhibitors (like cyclosporine or tacrolimus), or other immunosuppressants.
Prevent blood clots: Anticoagulants (blood thinners)
Treat infections: Antibiotics
Is Communicable
Nephrotic syndrome is not communicable. It is not an infectious disease and cannot be spread from person to person.
Precautions
Follow your doctor's instructions carefully: Take all medications as prescribed and attend all follow-up appointments.
Dietary changes: Reduce sodium intake, monitor protein intake as directed by your doctor or a registered dietitian.
Monitor your weight and swelling: Keep track of your weight and report any sudden increases or worsening swelling to your doctor.
Protect yourself from infections: Get vaccinated as recommended by your doctor, practice good hygiene (frequent handwashing), and avoid close contact with people who are sick.
Regular exercise: Engage in regular physical activity as tolerated.
Manage underlying conditions: If nephrotic syndrome is caused by another condition like diabetes or lupus, manage those conditions effectively.
How long does an outbreak last?
Nephrotic syndrome isn't an "outbreak" type of illness. It is a chronic condition. The duration of symptoms and the need for treatment can vary greatly. Some people may experience periods of remission (where symptoms disappear) followed by relapses (where symptoms return). For others, it may be a more persistent condition requiring long-term management.
How is it diagnosed?
Urine test: To check for high levels of protein in the urine (proteinuria).
Blood test: To check albumin levels (low albumin is common in nephrotic syndrome) and kidney function.
Kidney biopsy: A small sample of kidney tissue is examined under a microscope to determine the cause of the damage.
Timeline of Symptoms
The onset of symptoms can be gradual or sudden. There's no set timeline.
Initial Stage: Often, the first noticeable symptom is swelling, which can start subtly around the eyes or ankles. Foamy urine might also be present.
Progression: As protein loss increases, swelling worsens. Weight gain from fluid retention becomes more apparent. Fatigue and loss of appetite can develop.
Chronic Stage (if untreated or poorly managed): High blood pressure and high cholesterol may develop. The risk of blood clots and infections increases. Kidney function may decline over time.
Important Considerations
Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial: Prompt treatment can help prevent complications and improve the long-term outlook.
Long-term follow-up is necessary: People with nephrotic syndrome need regular monitoring to assess kidney function and adjust treatment as needed.
Emotional support: Dealing with a chronic condition like nephrotic syndrome can be challenging. Seek support from family, friends, or a support group.
Individualized treatment plans: The best course of treatment depends on the underlying cause of nephrotic syndrome and the individual's overall health.
Potential complications: These include infections, blood clots, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, acute kidney injury, and chronic kidney disease.